What point(s) on the capnographic waveform represents) a mixture of alveolar gas and dead space gas2/11/2024 ![]() ![]() This means your patient is unable to maintain equal pressure distribution throughout the exhalation phase. A positive slope tells you there is less pressure at the beginning of the breath than at the end of the breath. Instead you will observe a positive slope (negatively sloped waveforms are artifact in origin and do not have a physiologic explanation). If your patient has an obstruction issue such as asthma, there will not be a flat top to the waveform. Therefore, the upslope and top of the waveform is the exhalation phase and the downslope and back of the waveform is the inhalation phase. During inhalation, no more CO 2 is detected and you see the backside of the waveform return to baseline. The top of the waveform should be flat indicating equal pressure distribution throughout the exhalation phase and no obstruction of flow. The exhalation phase is represented by the top of the waveform and the width of the waveform indicates the expiratory time. ![]() When your patient begins to exhale you should see a vertical rise from baseline. If the patient ventilates, or you ventilate the patient, and a boxy waveform appears, then that breath is patent and went in and out of the lungs unobstructed. During all anesthetics, the means for continuously measuring the pt's temp must be available.The capnography waveform, not the ETCO 2 number, is used for airway assessment. During GA, circulatory function is to be continually evaluated by the quality of the pulse, either electronically or by palpation or auscultation. Adequacy of circulation should be monitored by the continuous display of the ECG, & by determining the arterial BP & HR at least at 5-min intervals. Capnography ETCO2 analysis during GA When using a vent, there should be a device that is able to detect a disconnection of any part of the breathing system. Ensure correct placement of ETTs/LMAs requires clinical assessment & qualitative identification of CO2 in the expired gas. Quantitative monitoring of TV & capnography When administering regional anesthesia or MAC, sufficient ventilation should be assessed by qualitative clinical signs &/or monitoring of exhaled CO2. 02 analyzers w/ low concentration-limit alarms during GA Quantitatively assessing blood oxygenation Continuously ensuring the adequacy of ventilation by physical diagnostic techniques Identification of expired CO2 is performed unless nullified by the type of pt, procedure, or equipment. ![]()
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